{"id":39,"date":"2016-05-10T22:48:37","date_gmt":"2016-05-10T21:48:37","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/www.ict.mazuch.net\/subdom\/ict\/?page_id=39"},"modified":"2023-10-08T21:23:49","modified_gmt":"2023-10-08T20:23:49","slug":"12-historie-pocitacu","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"https:\/\/www.ict.mazuch.net\/subdom\/ict\/12-historie-pocitacu\/","title":{"rendered":"(12) Historie po\u010d\u00edta\u010d\u016f"},"content":{"rendered":"<div class=\"pdfprnt-buttons pdfprnt-buttons-page pdfprnt-top-right\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.ict.mazuch.net\/subdom\/ict\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/39?print=pdf\" class=\"pdfprnt-button pdfprnt-button-pdf\" target=\"_blank\"><img src=\"https:\/\/www.ict.mazuch.net\/subdom\/ict\/wp-content\/plugins\/pdf-print\/images\/pdf.png\" alt=\"image_pdf\" title=\"View PDF\" \/><\/a><a href=\"https:\/\/www.ict.mazuch.net\/subdom\/ict\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/39?print=print\" class=\"pdfprnt-button pdfprnt-button-print\" target=\"_blank\"><img src=\"https:\/\/www.ict.mazuch.net\/subdom\/ict\/wp-content\/plugins\/pdf-print\/images\/print.png\" alt=\"image_print\" title=\"Print Content\" \/><\/a><\/div><h2>P\u0159edch\u016fdci<\/h2>\n<ul>\n<li>Prvn\u00ed za\u0159\u00edzen\u00ed = velmi jednoduch\u00e1 (mechanick\u00e9 principy)<\/li>\n<li>V\u00fdvoj t\u011bchto za\u0159\u00edzen\u00ed prob\u00edhal do pol. 20. stolet\u00ed (dv\u011b v\u011btve):\n<ul>\n<li>Analogov\u00e9 \u201apo\u010d\u00edta\u010de\u2018<\/li>\n<li>\u010c\u00edslicov\u00e9 \u201apo\u010d\u00edta\u010de\u2018<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h3>Abakus<\/h3>\n<ul>\n<li>Vznik p\u0159ed 5000 lety<\/li>\n<li>Usnad\u0148oval po\u010d\u00edt\u00e1n\u00ed s\u00a0\u010d\u00edsly<\/li>\n<li>D\u0159ev\u011bn\u00e1 \/ hlin\u011bn\u00e1 desti\u010dka, do n\u00ed\u017e se vkl\u00e1dali kam\u00ednky (tzv. calculli)<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h3>Logaritmick\u00e9 tabulky<\/h3>\n<ul>\n<li>1614, John Napier<\/li>\n<li>N\u00e1soben\u00ed a d\u011blen\u00ed pomoc\u00ed s\u010d\u00edt\u00e1n\u00ed a od\u010d\u00edt\u00e1n\u00ed pomoc\u00ed logaritm\u016f\n<ul>\n<li>Prvn\u00ed logaritmick\u00e9 tabulky<\/li>\n<li>Prvn\u00ed logaritmick\u00e9 prav\u00edtko<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><em>Pozn.: logaritmick\u00e9 prav\u00edtko bylo vyu\u017e\u00edv\u00e1no v\u00a0r\u00e1mci programu Apollo<\/em><\/p>\n<h3>Mechanick\u00e9 kalkul\u00e1tory<\/h3>\n<ul>\n<li>Mechanismus z\u00a0Antikyth\u00e9ry (150 \u2013 100 p\u0159. Kr.)\n<ul>\n<li>V\u00fdpo\u010det kalend\u00e1\u0159e (resp. polohy Slunce a M\u011bs\u00edce a planet)<\/li>\n<li>Ozuben\u00e1 kole\u010dka v\u00a0rovnostrann\u00e9m troj\u00fahlen\u00edku<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<li>\u201ePo\u010d\u00edtac\u00ed hodiny\u201c (1623, V. Schickard)\n<ul>\n<li>Ozuben\u00e1 kole\u010dka<\/li>\n<li>Um\u00ed s\u010d\u00edtat a ode\u010d\u00edtat a\u017e \u0161esticifern\u00e1 \u010d\u00edsla<\/li>\n<li>Kepler: astronomick\u00e9 v\u00fdpo\u010dty<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<li>Thomasov\u00fd Arithmometr (1820, Ch. X. Thomas)\n<ul>\n<li>Prvn\u00ed s\u00e9riov\u011b vyr\u00e1b\u011bn\u00fd kalkul\u00e1tor (+ &#8211; \u00d7 \u00f7)<\/li>\n<li>U\u017e\u00edv\u00e1n do 70. let 20. stol.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><em>Kalkul\u00e1tory pracovali v des\u00edtkov\u00e9 soustav\u011b.<\/em><\/p>\n<p><em>Ta je v\u0161ak slo\u017eit\u011bj\u0161\u00ed ne\u017e v sou\u010dasnosti pou\u017e\u00edvan\u00e1 bin\u00e1rn\u00ed soustava (PRAVDA \u00d7 NEPRAVDA ; ANO \u00d7 NE)<br \/>\nDvojkovou soustavu popsal pr\u00e1v\u011b Leibniz<\/em><\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>1725, B. Bouchon \u2013 tkalcovsk\u00fd stroj<\/p>\n<h3><strong>1801, J. M. Jacquard (fr. vyn\u00e1lezce) \u2013<\/strong> D\u011aRN\u00c9 \u0160T\u00cdTKY<\/h3>\n<ul>\n<li>D\u016fle\u017eit\u00fd miln\u00edk v\u00a0programovatelnosti stroj\u016f<\/li>\n<li>Na Jacquardovi d\u011brn\u00e9 \u0161t\u00edtky navazuj\u00ed nap\u0159.:\n<ul>\n<li>Babbage \u2013 analytick\u00fd stroj<\/li>\n<li>Helerith \u2013 s\u010d\u00edt\u00e1n\u00ed lidu 1890 v\u00a0USA, z\u00e1klad pro IBM<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<li>Technologie d\u011brn\u00fdch \u0161t\u00edtk\u016f = prvn\u00ed programovateln\u00e9 stroje<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>Princip:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Tenk\u00fd karton<\/li>\n<li>B\u011b\u017en\u00fd d\u011brovac\u00ed \u0161t\u00edtek = 80 nebo 90 sloupc\u016f<\/li>\n<li>Do \u0161t\u00edtk\u016f d\u011brov\u00e1ny otvory (vyseknuto p\u0159\u00edslu\u0161n\u00e9 \u010d\u00edslo)<\/li>\n<li>Ne\u00fasp\u011bch \u2013 chyba \u2013 nov\u00fd karton, proces se opakuje<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h2>Prvn\u00ed programovateln\u00e9 stroje<\/h2>\n<h3>Charles Babbage<\/h3>\n<ul>\n<li>1933, Analytick\u00fd stroj<\/li>\n<li>Univerz\u00e1ln\u00ed programovateln\u00fd po\u010d\u00edta\u010d<\/li>\n<li>Vstupn\u00ed m\u00e9dium: d\u011brn\u00e9 st\u00edtky<\/li>\n<li>Stavba:\n<ul>\n<li>Sklad (pam\u011b\u0165) &amp; Ml\u00fdnice (procesor)<\/li>\n<li>&gt;&gt; \u010dinit rozhodnut\u00ed, opakovat instruce<\/li>\n<li>IF, THEM, FOR<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<li>50 m\u00edstn\u00e1 \u010d\u00edsla<\/li>\n<li>Pohon = parn\u00ed stroj<\/li>\n<li>NEDOKON\u010cEN<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h3>Ada Lovelace<\/h3>\n<ul>\n<li>Dcera b\u00e1sn\u00edka G. G. Byrona<\/li>\n<li>Prvn\u00ed program\u00e1torka na sv\u011bt\u011b<\/li>\n<li>Byl po n\u00ed pojmenov\u00e1n programovac\u00ed jazyk Ada<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h2>Generace<\/h2>\n<ul>\n<li>Ka\u017ed\u00e1 generace m\u00e1 charakteristickou:\n<ul>\n<li>Konfigurace<\/li>\n<li>Rychlost po\u010d\u00edta\u010de<\/li>\n<li>Z\u00e1kladn\u00ed stavebn\u00ed prvek<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<h3>Nult\u00e1 generace (30. \u2013 40. l\u00e9ta)<\/h3>\n<ul>\n<li>sv\u011btov\u00e1 v\u00e1lka<\/li>\n<li>Elektromechanick\u00e9 po\u010d\u00edta\u010de vyu\u017e\u00edvaj\u00edc\u00ed rel\u00e9<\/li>\n<li>P\u00e1r operac\u00ed za sekundu<\/li>\n<li>Velk\u00fd po\u010det sk\u0159\u00edn\u00ed<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h4>Z1<\/h4>\n<ul>\n<li>1938, K. Zuse (N\u011bm.)<\/li>\n<li>V bin\u00e1rn\u00ed soustav\u011b s plavouc\u00ed \u010d\u00e1rkou a programem na d\u011brn\u00e9 p\u00e1sce<\/li>\n<li>Kol\u00ed\u010dkov\u00e1 pam\u011b\u0165: 16 \u010d\u00edsel<\/li>\n<li>Velmi poruchov\u00fd \u21d2 prakticky nepou\u017eiteln\u00fd<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h4>Z2, Z3<\/h4>\n<ul>\n<li>1941, K. Zuse &amp; H. Schreyr<\/li>\n<li>Prakticky pou\u017eiteln\u00fd, 2600 elektromagnetick\u00fdch rel\u00e9<\/li>\n<li>Dvojkov\u00e1 soustava, kl\u00e1vesnice<\/li>\n<li>50 arit. operac\u00ed v pohybliv\u00e9 \u010d\u00e1rce za minutu<\/li>\n<li>Pam\u011b\u0165: 64 \u010d\u00edsel o 22 bitech (na tu dobu vysok\u00e1)<\/li>\n<li>Pou\u017eit k v\u00fdpo\u010dt\u016fm balistick\u00fdch raket V2<\/li>\n<li>Zni\u010den p\u0159i spojeneck\u00e9m n\u00e1letu 1944<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h4>Collossus<\/h4>\n<ul>\n<li>1943, T. H. Flowers; VB<\/li>\n<li>Ur\u010den k l\u00e1m\u00e1n\u00ed n\u011bmeck\u00fdch \u0161ifer, vytv\u00e1\u0159en\u00fdch \u0161ifrovac\u00edmi stroji Enigma (2. sv\u011btov\u00e1 v\u00e1lka)<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h4>Mark I<\/h4>\n<ul>\n<li>1944, H. H. Aiken; USA<\/li>\n<li>ASCC (automatick\u00fd sekven\u010dn\u011b \u0159\u00edzen\u00fd po\u010d\u00edta\u010d)<\/li>\n<li>Pod z\u00e1\u0161titou IBM<\/li>\n<li>Des\u00edtkov\u00e1 soustava s pevnou desetinnou \u010d\u00e1rkou<\/li>\n<li>Pam\u011b\u0165 \u2013\n<ul>\n<li>statick\u00e1,<\/li>\n<li>dynamick\u00e1 (opera\u010dn\u00ed)<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<li>+ (0,3 s) \u00d7 (6 s)<br \/>\nsin\u03b4\u00b0 (1 min)<\/li>\n<li>Pou\u017eit p\u0159i v\u00fdpo\u010dtu prvn\u00ed atomov\u00e9 bomby<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h4>SAPO<\/h4>\n<ul>\n<li>1957, prof. Svoboda,<br \/>\nOblonsk\u00fd; \u010cSR<\/li>\n<li>Dvojkov\u00e1 soustava s pohyblivou \u0159\u00e1dovou \u010d\u00e1rkou<\/li>\n<li>P\u011btiadresov\u00fd, t\u0159\u00ed shodn\u00e9 procesy pracuj\u00edc\u00ed paraleln\u011b\n<ul>\n<li>V\u00fdsledky porovn\u00e1ny, hlasov\u00e1n\u00edm<\/li>\n<li>2 shodn\u00e9 \u00d7 v\u0161echny 3 odli\u0161n\u00e9 \u00e0 proces se opakuje<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<li>1960 &#8211; sho\u0159el<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<h3>Prvn\u00ed generace (40. \u2013 50. l\u00e9ta)<\/h3>\n<ul>\n<li>Rel\u00e9ov\u00e9 obvody &gt;&gt;&gt; elektronky (tzv. \u201eelektronkov\u00e9 po\u010d\u00edta\u010de\u201c)<\/li>\n<li>Neefektivn\u00ed, velmi drah\u00e9, vysok\u00fd p\u0159\u00edkon (=&gt; drah\u00fd provoz), velk\u00e1 poruchovost, velmi n\u00edzk\u00e1 v\u00fdpo\u010detn\u00ed rychlost<\/li>\n<li>Velk\u00fd po\u010det sk\u0159\u00edn\u00ed<\/li>\n<li>Po\u010d\u00edta\u010d ovl\u00e1d\u00e1n ze syst\u00e9mov\u00e9 konzole\n<ul>\n<li>Obsluhov\u00e1n t\u00fdmem lid\u00ed (konstrukt\u00e9\u0159i, oper\u00e1to\u0159i, technici)<\/li>\n<li>Sna\u017eili se ukon\u010dit v\u00fdpo\u010det bez poruchy po\u010d\u00edta\u010de.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h4>ENIAK<\/h4>\n<ul>\n<li>1944, Pensylv\u00e1nie<\/li>\n<li>Elektronkov\u00fd po\u010d\u00edta\u010d<\/li>\n<li>5000 sou\u010dt\u016f za sekundu<\/li>\n<li>N\u00e1ro\u010dn\u00fd, poruchov\u00fd, provoz drah\u00fd<\/li>\n<li>150 m2, 40 tun<\/li>\n<li>Inspirace pro Maniac<\/li>\n<li>1955 \u2013 provoz ukon\u010den<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h4>MANIAK<\/h4>\n<ul>\n<li>1945,\u00a0<span id=\"su_tooltip_69f348992cffd_button\" class=\"su-tooltip-button su-tooltip-button-outline-yes\" aria-describedby=\"su_tooltip_69f348992cffd\" data-settings='{\"position\":\"top\",\"behavior\":\"hover\",\"hideDelay\":0}' tabindex=\"0\">John von Neumann (<strong>i<\/strong>)<\/span><span style=\"display:none;z-index:100\" id=\"su_tooltip_69f348992cffd\" class=\"su-tooltip\" role=\"tooltip\"><span class=\"su-tooltip-inner su-tooltip-shadow-yes\" style=\"z-index:100;background:#FFFFFF;color:#333333;font-size:16px;border-radius:5px;text-align:left;max-width:300px;line-height:1.25\"><span class=\"su-tooltip-title\">John von Neumann<\/span><span class=\"su-tooltip-content su-u-trim\">\n<ul>\n<li>1945 \u2013 z\u00e1kladn\u00ed principy fungov\u00e1n\u00ed po\u010d\u00edta\u010de<\/li>\n<li>Bin\u00e1rn\u00ed soustava<\/li>\n<li>Programy a data v opera\u010dn\u00ed pam\u011bti<\/li>\n<li>Rychlost vnit\u0159n\u00ed pam\u011bti srovnateln\u00e1 s rychlost\u00ed opera\u010dn\u00ed jednotky<\/li>\n<li>P\u0159\u00edm\u00e9 adresov\u00e1n\u00ed (p\u0159\u00edstup) \u2013 v libovoln\u00e9m okam\u017eiku p\u0159\u00edstupn\u00e1 kter\u00e1koliv bu\u0148ka pam\u011bti<\/li>\n<li>Aritmeticko-logick\u00e1 jednotka \u2013 pouze obvody pro s\u010d\u00edt\u00e1n\u00ed \u010d\u00edsel<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><\/span><\/span><span id=\"su_tooltip_69f348992cffd_arrow\" class=\"su-tooltip-arrow\" style=\"z-index:100;background:#FFFFFF\" data-popper-arrow><\/span><\/span><\/li>\n<li>Dokonalej\u0161\u00ed<\/li>\n<li>Vyu\u017eit k\u00a0v\u00fdvoji jadern\u00e9 bomby<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>Dal\u0161\u00ed \u2013 nap\u0159. Geniac<\/p>\n<h3>Druh\u00e1 generace (50. \u2013 60. l\u00e9ta)<\/h3>\n<ul>\n<li>Vyu\u017eit\u00ed tranzistor\u016f (polovodi\u010dov\u00e1 elektrotechnika)<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<ul>\n<li>\u21d2 zlep\u0161en\u00ed v\u0161ech parametr\u016f po\u010d\u00edta\u010de<br \/>\n(men\u0161\u00ed rozm\u011bry, nav\u00fd\u0161en\u00ed rychlosti<br \/>\na spolehlivosti, sn\u00ed\u017een\u00ed energetick\u00fdch n\u00e1rok\u016f)<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<ul>\n<li>10 sk\u0159\u00edn\u00ed<\/li>\n<li>Tis\u00edce operac\u00ed za sekundu<\/li>\n<li>Po\u010d\u00e1tek vyu\u017e\u00edv\u00e1n\u00ed opera\u010dn\u00edch syst\u00e9m\u016f<\/li>\n<li>Prvn\u00ed programovac\u00ed jazyky (COBOL, FORTAN, ALGOL)<\/li>\n<li>Roz\u0161\u00ed\u0159en\u00ed po\u010d\u00edta\u010dov\u00e9 techniky<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h4>Po\u010d\u00edta\u010de:<\/h4>\n<ul>\n<li><strong>IBM 7094<\/strong><\/li>\n<li><strong>MINSK 22 <\/strong>\u2013 sov\u011btsk\u00fd po\u010d\u00edta\u010d<\/li>\n<li><strong>UNIVAC<\/strong>\n<ul>\n<li>Prvn\u00ed s\u00e9riov\u011b vyr\u00e1b\u011bn\u00fd komer\u010dn\u00ed po\u010d\u00edta\u010d<\/li>\n<li>Od tv\u016frc\u016f ENIACu<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<li><strong>EPOS 1<\/strong>\n<ul>\n<li>1960, prof. Svoboda<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<li><strong>EPOS 2<\/strong>\n<ul>\n<li>1962, automatick\u00e1 oprava jedn\u00e9 chyby<\/li>\n<li>Tranzistory<\/li>\n<li>30 000 operac\u00ed za sekundu<\/li>\n<li>Pam\u011b\u0165 40 000 slov<\/li>\n<li>ZPA 600, ZPA 601 \u00e0 opera\u010dn\u00ed syst\u00e9m, \u2026<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h3>T\u0159et\u00ed generace (60. \u2013 70. l\u00e9ta)<\/h3>\n<ul>\n<li>Integrovan\u00e9 obvody (polovodi\u010dov\u00e1 elektronika)<\/li>\n<li>Nav\u00fd\u0161en\u00ed rychlost\u00ed (10<sup>4<\/sup> &#8211; 10<sup>5<\/sup> operac\u00ed za sekundu)<\/li>\n<li>Do 5 sk\u0159\u00edn\u00ed<\/li>\n<li>Podpora tzv. multitaskingu (\u21d2 paraleln\u00ed zpracov\u00e1v\u00e1n\u00ed n\u011bkolika program\u016f)<\/li>\n<li>Kl\u00e1vesnice, obrazovka, disketa apod. \u21d2 vzor a standard v oblasti hardwaru<\/li>\n<li>Krom s\u00e1lov\u00fdch po\u010d\u00edta\u010d\u016f \u00e0 prvn\u00ed minipo\u010d\u00edta\u010de, mikropo\u010d\u00edta\u010de<\/li>\n<li>OPERA\u010cN\u00cd SYST\u00c9MY (soubory program\u016f, kter\u00e9 jsou dod\u00e1v\u00e1ny sou\u010dasn\u011b s po\u010d\u00edta\u010dem \u2013 snadn\u011bj\u0161\u00ed a dokonalej\u0161\u00ed pr\u00e1ce s PC)<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h4>Po\u010d\u00edta\u010de<\/h4>\n<ul>\n<li><strong>Cray-1<\/strong>\n<ul>\n<li>Zn\u00e1m\u00fd a \u00fasp\u011b\u0161n\u00fd super po\u010d\u00edta\u010d, v\u00fdkonn\u00fd<\/li>\n<li>Firma Cray<\/li>\n<li>S n\u00e1stupem paraleln\u00edch v\u00fdpo\u010dt\u016f v 80. letech superpo\u010d\u00edta\u010d ustoupily \u00e0<\/li>\n<li>1995 firma zkracovala<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<li><strong>EC 1021<\/strong>\n<ul>\n<li>l\u00e9ta; \u010ds po\u010d\u00edta\u010d<\/li>\n<li>\u201aNapodobenina\u2018 IBM System 360<\/li>\n<li>T\u00e9m\u011b\u0159 400 kus\u016f<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<li><strong>IBM Syst\u00e9m 360<\/strong>\n<ul>\n<li>1965; V\u00edce model\u016f \u00e0 r\u016fzn\u00e9 v\u00fdkony<\/li>\n<li>Pr\u016flom po\u010d\u00edta\u010d\u016f do praktick\u00e9ho a komer\u010dn\u00edho vyu\u017eit\u00ed<\/li>\n<li>V\u00fdroba v tis\u00edcov\u00fdch s\u00e9ri\u00edch<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h3>T\u0159\u00edap\u016flt\u00e1 generace (70. \u2013 80. l\u00e9ta)<\/h3>\n<ul>\n<li>generace = \u010dast\u00e9 probl\u00e9my p\u0159i provozu\n<ul>\n<li>Spolehlivost OS (p\u0159enos, zpracov\u00e1n\u00ed dat)<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<li>Firma IBM &gt;&gt;&gt; <strong>IBM System 370<\/strong>\n<ul>\n<li>V mnoh\u00e9m p\u0159ekonal 360, ale nelze pokl\u00e1dat za po\u010d\u00edta\u010d nov\u00e9 generace<\/li>\n<li>Snaz\u0161\u00ed u\u017eivatelsk\u00e1 ovladatelnost<\/li>\n<li>Lep\u0161\u00ed spolehlivost<\/li>\n<li>Polovodi\u010dov\u00e9 opera\u010dn\u00ed pam\u011bti (&amp; samoopravn\u00fd k\u00f3d \u00e0 zabra\u0148oval chyb\u00e1m p\u0159i d\u00e1lkov\u00e9m p\u0159enosu dat \u2013 stal se sou\u010d\u00e1st\u00ed spec. programov\u00e9ho vybaven\u00ed)<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h4>\u010ceskoslovensko<\/h4>\n<ul>\n<li>EC 1025, EC 1026<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h3>\u010ctvrt\u00e1 generace (80. l\u00e9ta \u2013 sou\u010dasnost)<\/h3>\n<ul>\n<li>Integrovan\u00e9 obvody s velmi vysokou inteligenc\u00ed\n<ul>\n<li>Sn\u00ed\u017een\u00ed po\u010dtu obvod\u016f na z\u00e1kladn\u00ed desce po\u010d\u00edta\u010de<\/li>\n<li>zv\u00fd\u0161en\u00ed spolehlivosti, men\u0161\u00ed rozm\u011bry, vy\u0161\u0161\u00ed rychlost a kapacita pam\u011bti<\/li>\n<li>10<sup>7<\/sup> \u2013 10<sup>8<\/sup> operac\u00ed za sekundu<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<li>Mikroprocesory a osobn\u00ed po\u010d\u00edta\u010de<\/li>\n<li>\u00dastup st\u0159ediskov\u00fdch po\u010d\u00edta\u010d\u016f<\/li>\n<li>\u00c9ra syst\u00e9m\u016f\u00a0<span id=\"su_tooltip_69f348992d062_button\" class=\"su-tooltip-button su-tooltip-button-outline-yes\" aria-describedby=\"su_tooltip_69f348992d062\" data-settings='{\"position\":\"top\",\"behavior\":\"hover\",\"hideDelay\":0}' tabindex=\"0\">DOS (i)<\/span><span style=\"display:none;z-index:100\" id=\"su_tooltip_69f348992d062\" class=\"su-tooltip\" role=\"tooltip\"><span class=\"su-tooltip-inner su-tooltip-shadow-yes\" style=\"z-index:100;background:#FFFFFF;color:#333333;font-size:16px;border-radius:5px;text-align:left;max-width:300px;line-height:1.25\"><span class=\"su-tooltip-title\">DOS<\/span><span class=\"su-tooltip-content su-u-trim\"><b>DOS<\/b> (diskov\u00fd opera\u010dn\u00ed syst\u00e9m) = rodina velmi podobn\u00fdch a jednoduch\u00fdch opera\u010dn\u00edch syst\u00e9m\u016f s textov\u00fdm u\u017eivatelsk\u00fdm rozhran\u00edm, kter\u00e9 dominovaly IBM PC kompatibiln\u00edm po\u010d\u00edta\u010d\u016fm mezi roky 1981 a 1995, resp. zhruba do roku 2000, zapo\u010d\u00edt\u00e1me-li na DOSu zalo\u017een\u00e9 verze Microsoft Windows (Windows 95, Windows 98 a Windows Me).Z Wikipedie, otev\u0159en\u00e9 encyklopedie<\/span><\/span><span id=\"su_tooltip_69f348992d062_arrow\" class=\"su-tooltip-arrow\" style=\"z-index:100;background:#FFFFFF\" data-popper-arrow><\/span><\/span>, grafick\u00e1 u\u017eivatelsk\u00e1 prost\u0159ed\u00ed<\/li>\n<li>Rozvoj po\u010d\u00edta\u010dov\u00fdch s\u00edt\u00ed (Intranet, Internet), distribuovan\u00e9 syst\u00e9my<\/li>\n<li>V\u00fdkon po\u010d\u00edta\u010d\u016f se zvy\u0161uje pou\u017eit\u00edm n\u011bkolika procesor\u016f (multiprocesory)<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Shrnut\u00ed a dal\u0161\u00ed zdroje<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-embed is-type-video is-provider-youtube wp-block-embed-youtube wp-embed-aspect-16-9 wp-has-aspect-ratio\"><div class=\"wp-block-embed__wrapper\">\n<iframe loading=\"lazy\" title=\"Teorie 03: Historie a v\u00fdvoj po\u010d\u00edta\u010d\u016f\" width=\"792\" height=\"446\" src=\"https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/embed\/UzrOKYk2kqE?feature=oembed\" frameborder=\"0\" allow=\"accelerometer; autoplay; clipboard-write; encrypted-media; gyroscope; picture-in-picture; web-share\" allowfullscreen><\/iframe>\n<\/div><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-columns is-layout-flex wp-container-7 wp-block-columns-is-layout-flex\">\n<div class=\"wp-block-column is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\">\n<div class=\"wp-block-buttons is-content-justification-center is-layout-flex wp-container-1 wp-block-buttons-is-layout-flex\">\n<div class=\"wp-block-button is-style-outline\"><a class=\"wp-block-button__link wp-element-button\" href=\"https:\/\/www.historiepocitacu.cz\/\">Historie po\u010d\u00edta\u010d\u016f<\/a><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-column is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\">\n<div class=\"wp-block-buttons is-content-justification-center is-layout-flex wp-container-3 wp-block-buttons-is-layout-flex\">\n<div class=\"wp-block-button is-style-outline\"><a class=\"wp-block-button__link wp-element-button\" href=\"https:\/\/edu.ceskatelevize.cz\/video\/11657-historie-osobnich-pocitacu-ibm-pc\">\u010cT Edu | Historie po\u010d\u00edta\u010d\u016f<\/a><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-column is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\">\n<div class=\"wp-block-buttons is-layout-flex wp-block-buttons-is-layout-flex\">\n<div class=\"wp-block-button is-style-outline\"><a class=\"wp-block-button__link wp-element-button\" href=\"https:\/\/www.alza.cz\/historie-pocitacu\">Alza.cz | Historie po\u010d\u00edta\u010d\u016f<\/a><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>P\u0159edch\u016fdci Prvn\u00ed za\u0159\u00edzen\u00ed = velmi jednoduch\u00e1 (mechanick\u00e9 principy) V\u00fdvoj t\u011bchto za\u0159\u00edzen\u00ed prob\u00edhal do pol. 20. stolet\u00ed (dv\u011b v\u011btve): Analogov\u00e9 \u201apo\u010d\u00edta\u010de\u2018 \u010c\u00edslicov\u00e9 \u201apo\u010d\u00edta\u010de\u2018 Abakus Vznik p\u0159ed 5000 lety Usnad\u0148oval po\u010d\u00edt\u00e1n\u00ed s\u00a0\u010d\u00edsly D\u0159ev\u011bn\u00e1 \/ hlin\u011bn\u00e1 desti\u010dka, do n\u00ed\u017e se vkl\u00e1dali kam\u00ednky (tzv. calculli) Logaritmick\u00e9 tabulky 1614, John Napier N\u00e1soben\u00ed a d\u011blen\u00ed pomoc\u00ed s\u010d\u00edt\u00e1n\u00ed a od\u010d\u00edt\u00e1n\u00ed pomoc\u00ed logaritm\u016f <a class=\"read-more\" href=\"https:\/\/www.ict.mazuch.net\/subdom\/ict\/12-historie-pocitacu\/\">[&hellip;]<\/a><\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":0,"parent":0,"menu_order":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","template":"","meta":{"footnotes":""},"wppr_data":{"cwp_meta_box_check":"No"},"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.ict.mazuch.net\/subdom\/ict\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/39"}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.ict.mazuch.net\/subdom\/ict\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.ict.mazuch.net\/subdom\/ict\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/page"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.ict.mazuch.net\/subdom\/ict\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.ict.mazuch.net\/subdom\/ict\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=39"}],"version-history":[{"count":9,"href":"https:\/\/www.ict.mazuch.net\/subdom\/ict\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/39\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":167,"href":"https:\/\/www.ict.mazuch.net\/subdom\/ict\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/39\/revisions\/167"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.ict.mazuch.net\/subdom\/ict\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=39"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}