{"id":4,"date":"2016-05-10T20:23:52","date_gmt":"2016-05-10T19:23:52","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/www.ict.mazuch.net\/subdom\/ict\/?page_id=4"},"modified":"2016-12-24T17:43:01","modified_gmt":"2016-12-24T16:43:01","slug":"ciselne-soustavy","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"https:\/\/www.ict.mazuch.net\/subdom\/ict\/ciselne-soustavy\/","title":{"rendered":"(1) \u010c\u00edseln\u00e9 soustavy"},"content":{"rendered":"<div class=\"pdfprnt-buttons pdfprnt-buttons-page pdfprnt-top-right\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.ict.mazuch.net\/subdom\/ict\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/4?print=pdf\" class=\"pdfprnt-button pdfprnt-button-pdf\" target=\"_blank\"><img src=\"https:\/\/www.ict.mazuch.net\/subdom\/ict\/wp-content\/plugins\/pdf-print\/images\/pdf.png\" alt=\"image_pdf\" title=\"View PDF\" \/><\/a><a href=\"https:\/\/www.ict.mazuch.net\/subdom\/ict\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/4?print=print\" class=\"pdfprnt-button pdfprnt-button-print\" target=\"_blank\"><img src=\"https:\/\/www.ict.mazuch.net\/subdom\/ict\/wp-content\/plugins\/pdf-print\/images\/print.png\" alt=\"image_print\" title=\"Print Content\" \/><\/a><\/div><h1>\u010c\u00edseln\u00e9 soustavy<\/h1>\n<div class=\"su-spoiler su-spoiler-style-fancy su-spoiler-icon-plus-circle su-spoiler-closed\" data-scroll-offset=\"0\" data-anchor-in-url=\"no\"><div class=\"su-spoiler-title\" tabindex=\"0\" role=\"button\"><span class=\"su-spoiler-icon\"><\/span>Osnova<\/div><div class=\"su-spoiler-content su-u-clearfix su-u-trim\">\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<ol>\n<li>Pozi\u010dn\u00ed \u010d\u00edseln\u00e9 soustavy\n<ol>\n<li>dvojkov\u00e1<\/li>\n<li>p\u0159evod (substitu\u010dn\u00ed metota, Eurel\u016fv\u00a0alg)<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<\/li>\n<li>Nepozi\u010dn\u00ed \u010d\u00edseln\u00e9 soustavy\n<ol>\n<li>\u0159\u00edmsk\u00e9 \u010d\u00edslice\n<ol>\n<li>z\u00e1kladn\u00ed symboly<\/li>\n<li>p\u016fvod symbol\u016f<\/li>\n<li>nula<\/li>\n<li>dne\u0161n\u00ed u\u017eit\u00ed<\/li>\n<li>IIII nebo IV<\/li>\n<li>MS Excel &amp; \u0159\u00edmsk\u00e1 \u010d\u00edsla<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<\/div><\/div>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>zp\u016fsob reprezentace \u010d\u00edsel.<\/li>\n<li>podle zp\u016fsobu ur\u010den\u00ed hodnoty \u010d\u00edsla z dan\u00e9 reprezentace rozli\u0161ujeme dva hlavn\u00ed druhy \u010d\u00edseln\u00fdch soustav:\n<ul>\n<li>A) pozi\u010dn\u00ed \u010d\u00edseln\u00e9 soustavy<\/li>\n<li>B) nepozi\u010dn\u00ed \u010d\u00edseln\u00e9 soustavy.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h2>A) Pozi\u010dn\u00ed \u010d\u00edseln\u00e9 soustavy<\/h2>\n<ul>\n<li>charakterizov\u00e1ny tzv. <u>z\u00e1kladem<\/u> neboli <u>b\u00e1z\u00ed<\/u> (anglicky radix, zna\u010d\u00ed se <strong>r<\/strong>),\n<ul>\n<li>= kladn\u00e9 cel\u00e9 \u010d\u00edslo definuj\u00edc\u00ed maxim\u00e1ln\u00ed po\u010det \u010d\u00edslic, kter\u00e9 jsou v dan\u00e9 soustav\u011b k dispozici.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<li>Pozi\u010dn\u00ed soustavy (<em>krom\u011b jedni\u010dkov\u00e9<\/em>) se naz\u00fdvaj\u00ed tak\u00e9 <u>polyadick\u00e9<\/u> (= vlastnost, \u017ee \u010d\u00edslo v nich zapsan\u00e9 lze vyj\u00e1d\u0159it sou\u010dtem mocnin z\u00e1kladu dan\u00e9 soustavy vyn\u00e1soben\u00fdch p\u0159\u00edslu\u0161n\u00fdmi platn\u00fdmi \u010d\u00edslicemi)<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>Mezi nej\u010dast\u011bji pou\u017e\u00edvan\u00e9 pozi\u010dn\u00ed \u010d\u00edseln\u00e9 soustavy pat\u0159\u00ed:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><strong>jedni\u010dkov\u00e1<\/strong> \u2014 un\u00e1rn\u00ed<em>, r=1<\/em>\n<ul>\n<li>p\u0159esto\u017ee si to ani neuv\u011bdomujeme, tuto soustavu b\u011b\u017en\u011b pou\u017e\u00edv\u00e1me p\u0159i po\u010d\u00edt\u00e1n\u00ed na prstech nebo p\u0159i psan\u00ed \u010d\u00e1rek ozna\u010duj\u00edc\u00edch po\u010det piv na \u00fa\u010det v restaura\u010dn\u00edch za\u0159\u00edzen\u00edch. M\u016f\u017ee b\u00fdt \u0159azena mezi speci\u00e1ln\u00ed pozi\u010dn\u00ed soustavy nebo i zcela mimo d\u011blen\u00ed na pozi\u010dn\u00ed\/nepozi\u010dn\u00ed soustavy.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<li><strong>dvojkov\u00e1 (BIN)<\/strong> \u2014 bin\u00e1rn\u00ed, <em>r=2<\/em>\n<ul>\n<li>p\u0159\u00edm\u00e1 implementace v digit\u00e1ln\u00edch elektronick\u00fdch obvodech (pou\u017eit\u00edm logick\u00fdch \u010dlen\u016f), \u010dili intern\u011b ji pou\u017e\u00edvaj\u00ed v\u0161echny modern\u00ed po\u010d\u00edta\u010de<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<li><strong>osmi\u010dkov\u00e1 (OCT)<\/strong> \u2014 okt\u00e1ln\u00ed, oktalov\u00e1, <em>r=8<\/em><\/li>\n<li><strong>des\u00edtkov\u00e1<\/strong> <strong>(DEC)<\/strong> \u2014 decim\u00e1ln\u00ed, dekadick\u00e1, <em>r=10<\/em>\n<ul>\n<li>nejpou\u017e\u00edvan\u011bj\u0161\u00ed v b\u011b\u017en\u00e9m \u017eivot\u011b<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<li><strong>dvan\u00e1ctkov\u00e1<\/strong> <em>\u2014 r=12<\/em>\n<ul>\n<li>dnes m\u00e1lo pou\u017e\u00edvan\u00e1, ale dodnes z n\u00ed zbyly n\u00e1zvy prvn\u00edch dvou \u0159\u00e1d\u016f \u2013 tucet a veletucet<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<li><strong>\u0161estn\u00e1ctkov\u00e1 (HEX) \u2014 <\/strong>hexadecim\u00e1ln\u00ed, <em>r=16<\/em>\n<ul>\n<li>pou\u017e\u00edv\u00e1 se v oblasti informatiky, pro \u010d\u00edslice 10 a\u017e 15 se pou\u017e\u00edvaj\u00ed p\u00edsmena A a\u017e F<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<li><strong>\u0161edes\u00e1tkov\u00e1<\/strong> \u2014 <em>r=60<\/em>\n<ul>\n<li>pou\u017e\u00edv\u00e1 se k m\u011b\u0159en\u00ed \u010dasu pro zlomky hodiny; \u010d\u00edslice se obvykle zapisuj\u00ed des\u00edtkovou soustavou jako 00 a\u017e 59 a \u0159\u00e1dy se odd\u011bluj\u00ed dvojte\u010dkou; star\u00e9 n\u00e1zvy prvn\u00edch dvou \u0159\u00e1d\u016f jsou kopa a velekopa.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>Ka\u017ed\u00e9 \u010d\u00edslo vyj\u00e1d\u0159en\u00e9 v pozi\u010dn\u00ed soustav\u011b (krom\u011b jedni\u010dkov\u00e9) m\u016f\u017ee m\u00edt \u010d\u00e1st celo\u010d\u00edselnou a \u010d\u00e1st zlomkovou (nap\u0159. u des\u00edtkov\u00e9 soustavy desetinnou \u010d\u00e1st). Tyto \u010d\u00e1sti jsou odd\u011bleny znakem, naz\u00fdvan\u00fdm desetinnou \u010d\u00e1rkou (p\u0159esto\u017ee obecn\u011b nejde o desetiny). V anglosask\u00fdch zem\u00edch je m\u00edsto desetinn\u00e9 \u010d\u00e1rky u\u017e\u00edv\u00e1na desetinn\u00e1 te\u010dka.<\/p>\n<h3>Dvojkov\u00e1<\/h3>\n<p>= \u010d\u00edseln\u00e1 soustava, kter\u00e1 pou\u017e\u00edv\u00e1 pouze dva symboly: 0 a 1.<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>pozi\u010dn\u00ed \u010d\u00edseln\u00e1 soustava mocnin \u010d\u00edsla 2.<\/li>\n<li>Pou\u017e\u00edv\u00e1 se ve v\u0161ech modern\u00edch digit\u00e1ln\u00edch po\u010d\u00edta\u010d\u00edch, nebo\u0165 jej\u00ed dva symboly (0 a 1) odpov\u00eddaj\u00ed dv\u011bma jednodu\u0161e rozd\u011bliteln\u00fdm stav\u016fm elektrick\u00e9ho obvodu\n<ul>\n<li>vypnuto \u00d7 zapnuto<\/li>\n<li>nepravda \u00d7 pravda<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<li>\u010c\u00edslo zapsan\u00e9 v dvojkov\u00e9 soustav\u011b se naz\u00fdv\u00e1 bin\u00e1rn\u00ed \u010d\u00edslo.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h3>P\u0159evod<\/h3>\n<h4>Metoda substitu\u010dn\u00ed<\/h4>\n<ul>\n<li>Substitu\u010dn\u00ed metoda slou\u017e\u00ed k p\u0159evodu mezi \u010d\u00edseln\u00fdmi soustavami. Metoda spo\u010d\u00edv\u00e1 v rozeps\u00e1n\u00ed p\u0159ev\u00e1d\u011bn\u00e9ho \u010d\u00edsla na polynom a n\u00e1sledn\u011b jeho vy\u010d\u00edslen\u00ed v c\u00edlov\u00e9 soustav\u011b.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><img decoding=\"async\" loading=\"lazy\" class=\"alignnone size-full wp-image-26\" src=\"https:\/\/www.ict.mazuch.net\/subdom\/ict\/wp-content\/uploads\/2016\/05\/metoda_substituce.png\" alt=\"metoda_substituce\" width=\"572\" height=\"109\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.ict.mazuch.net\/subdom\/ict\/wp-content\/uploads\/2016\/05\/metoda_substituce.png 572w, https:\/\/www.ict.mazuch.net\/subdom\/ict\/wp-content\/uploads\/2016\/05\/metoda_substituce-300x57.png 300w, https:\/\/www.ict.mazuch.net\/subdom\/ict\/wp-content\/uploads\/2016\/05\/metoda_substituce-50x10.png 50w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 572px) 100vw, 572px\" \/><\/p>\n<h4>Euler\u016fv\u00a0algoritmus<\/h4>\n<ul>\n<li><em>d\u00e1le<\/em><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h2>B) Nepozi\u010dn\u00ed \u010d\u00edseln\u00e9 soustavy<\/h2>\n<ul>\n<li>zp\u016fsob reprezentace \u010d\u00edsel, ve kter\u00e9m nen\u00ed hodnota \u010d\u00edslice d\u00e1na jej\u00edm um\u00edst\u011bn\u00edm v dan\u00e9 sekvenci \u010d\u00edslic. Tyto zp\u016fsoby z\u00e1pisu \u010d\u00edsel se dnes ji\u017e t\u00e9m\u011b\u0159 nepou\u017e\u00edvaj\u00ed a jsou pova\u017eov\u00e1ny za zastaral\u00e9<\/li>\n<li>A=1, B=10, C=100, D=1000, pak by vyj\u00e1d\u0159en\u00edm \u010d\u00edsla 3542 mohl b\u00fdt nap\u0159\u00edklad \u0159et\u011bzec \u201eAABBBBCCCCCDDD\u201c, ale stejn\u011b dob\u0159e i \u201eACDABBCCCCDDBB\u201c apod. (z hlediska hodnoty, ale za cenu hor\u0161\u00ed srozumitelnosti).<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><strong>Nev\u00fdhody<\/strong><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>\u010casto neobsahovaly symbol pro nulu a z\u00e1porn\u00e1 \u010d\u00edsla<\/li>\n<li>Dlouh\u00fd z\u00e1pis \u010d\u00edsel, kter\u00e1 v\u00fdrazn\u011b p\u0159evy\u0161uj\u00ed hodnotu nejv\u011bt\u0161\u00edho symbolu soustavy<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h2>P\u0159\u00edklady nepozi\u010dn\u00edch \u010d\u00edseln\u00fdch soustav<\/h2>\n<ul>\n<li>\u0158\u00edmsk\u00e9 \u010d\u00edslice (I, II, III, IV, V)<\/li>\n<li>Egyptsk\u00e9 \u010d\u00edslice<\/li>\n<li>\u0158eck\u00e9 \u010d\u00edslice \u2014 z\u00e1pisu \u010d\u00edsel pomoc\u00ed p\u00edsmen alfabety<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h3>\u0158\u00edmsk\u00e9 \u010d\u00edslice<\/h3>\n<p>zp\u016fsob z\u00e1pisu \u010d\u00edsel pomoc\u00ed p\u00edsmen abecedy<\/p>\n<p>dnes tento zp\u016fsob z\u00e1pisu v\u00fdjime\u010dn\u00fd (pou\u017eit\u00ed <em>viz<\/em> d\u00e1le)<\/p>\n<h3>Z\u00e1kladn\u00ed symboly<\/h3>\n<table style=\"height: 255px;\" width=\"294\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td><strong>\u0158\u00edmsk\u00e9<br \/>\n\u010d\u00edslo<\/strong><\/td>\n<td><strong>Arabsk\u00e9<br \/>\n\u010d\u00edslo<\/strong><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td><a href=\"https:\/\/cs.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/I\">I<\/a><\/td>\n<td>1<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td><a href=\"https:\/\/cs.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/V\">V<\/a><\/td>\n<td>5<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td><a href=\"https:\/\/cs.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/X\">X<\/a><\/td>\n<td>10<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td><a href=\"https:\/\/cs.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/L\">L<\/a><\/td>\n<td>50<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td><a href=\"https:\/\/cs.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/C\">C<\/a><\/td>\n<td>100<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td><a href=\"https:\/\/cs.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/D\">D<\/a><\/td>\n<td>500<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td><a href=\"https:\/\/cs.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/M\">M<\/a><\/td>\n<td>1000<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>\u010casto mnemotechnick\u00e9 pom\u016fcky: <strong>I<\/strong>van <strong>V<\/strong>edl <strong>X<\/strong>\u00e9nii <strong>L<\/strong>esn\u00ed <strong>C<\/strong>estou <strong>D<\/strong>o <strong>M<\/strong>\u011bsta<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h4>P\u016fvod symbol\u016f<\/h4>\n<p><strong>I<\/strong><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>\u0158\u00edmsk\u00e1 \u010d\u00edsla vznikla p\u0159irozenou cestou. \u0158\u00edman\u00e9 po\u010d\u00edtali na prstech. \u010c\u00edsla jako 1, 2 a 3 a j\u00edm odpov\u00eddaj\u00edc\u00ed znaky I, II a III graficky vyjad\u0159uj\u00ed jednotliv\u00e9 prsty.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><strong>V\u00a0a X<\/strong><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Tak\u00e9 tato dv\u011b \u0159\u00edmsk\u00e1 \u010d\u00edsla maj\u00ed sv\u016fj p\u016fvod v lidsk\u00e9 ruce:<\/li>\n<li>\u0158\u00edmsk\u00e1 \u010d\u00edslice V (5) je vyj\u00e1d\u0159en\u00edm dlan\u011b s p\u011bti prsty &#8211; V tvo\u0159\u00ed tvar mezi palcem a mal\u00ed\u010dkem.<\/li>\n<li>\u0158\u00edmsk\u00e1 \u010d\u00edslice X (10) jsou dv\u011b dlan\u011b u sebe (10 prst\u016f).<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><strong>L a C<\/strong><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Latinsky sto je <em><u>centum<\/u><\/em> &#8211; odtud C. Pades\u00e1t je polovina ze stovky. L tedy vzniklo \u201erozp\u016flen\u00edm\u201c znaku pro 100 (C).<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><strong>D a M<\/strong><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Tis\u00edc je latinsky mille (odtud M pro 1000). Znak D pro 500 vznikl op\u011bt grafick\u00fdm \u201ep\u016flen\u00edm\u201c znaku M, tentokr\u00e1t svisle. Vznikl tak znak podobn\u00fd p\u00edsmenu D.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h3>Nula<\/h3>\n<ul>\n<li>\u010c\u00edslice nula nem\u00e1 obecn\u011b sv\u016fj symbol, p\u0159esto\u017ee \u0158\u00edman\u00e9 \u010d\u00edslici 0 a jej\u00ed v\u00fdznam dob\u0159e znali.\n<ul>\n<li>\u21d2 hlavn\u00ed d\u016fvod, pro\u010d nebyl syst\u00e9m \u0159\u00edmsk\u00fdch \u010d\u00edslic p\u0159ijat za pozi\u010dn\u00ed \u010d.s. a byl postupn\u011b nahrazov\u00e1n arabsk\u00fdmi \u010d\u00edslicemi<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<h3>Pou\u017eit\u00ed \u0159\u00edmsk\u00fdch \u010d\u00edslic dnes<\/h3>\n<ul>\n<li>d\u00edly \u010d\u00ed s\u00e9rie knih \u010di film\u016f (v tomto v\u00fdznamu jsou vytla\u010dov\u00e1ny arabsk\u00fdmi \u010d\u00edslicemi)<\/li>\n<li>ro\u010dn\u00edky \u010dasopis\u016f \u010di novin (v tomto v\u00fdznamu jsou vytla\u010dov\u00e1ny arabsk\u00fdmi \u010d\u00edslicemi)<\/li>\n<li>kapitoly v knih\u00e1ch \u010di \u010dl\u00e1nc\u00edch (v tomto v\u00fdznamu jsou vytla\u010dov\u00e1ny arabsk\u00fdmi \u010d\u00edslicemi)<\/li>\n<li>opakovan\u00e9 spole\u010densk\u00e9, sportovn\u00ed a jin\u00e9 ud\u00e1losti (sout\u011b\u017ee, z\u00e1vody, p\u0159ehl\u00eddky, sjezdy a slety, v\u00e1lky, festivaly, veletrhy, v\u00fdstavy apod.), ve v\u011bt\u0161in\u011b p\u0159\u00edpad\u016f v\u0161ak ji\u017e v praxi za\u010d\u00ednaj\u00ed p\u0159evl\u00e1dat arabsk\u00e9 \u010d\u00edslice<\/li>\n<li>rok (prakticky jen na historick\u00fdch n\u00e1pisech, v modern\u00edch textech se pou\u017e\u00edvaj\u00ed v\u00fdhradn\u011b arabsk\u00e9 \u010d\u00edslice)<\/li>\n<li>stolet\u00ed (v tomto v\u00fdznamu jsou vytla\u010dov\u00e1ny arabsk\u00fdmi \u010d\u00edslicemi)<\/li>\n<li>m\u011bs\u00edce v roce (v tomto v\u00fdznamu jsou vytla\u010dov\u00e1ny arabsk\u00fdmi \u010d\u00edslicemi)<\/li>\n<li>po\u0159adov\u00e9 \u010d\u00edslo \u010dtvrtlet\u00ed (pou\u017e\u00edvaj\u00ed se ale i arabsk\u00e9 \u010d\u00edslice)<\/li>\n<li>pro \u010d\u00edslice na hodinov\u00e9m cifern\u00edku<\/li>\n<li>po\u0159adov\u00e1 \u010d\u00edsla panovn\u00edk\u016f (nap\u0159. Karel IV.), pro tento \u00fa\u010del se st\u00e1le pou\u017e\u00edvaj\u00ed tak\u0159ka v\u00fdhradn\u011b \u0159\u00edmsk\u00e9 \u010d\u00edslice<\/li>\n<li>\u010d\u00edsla m\u00edstn\u00edch \u010d\u00e1st\u00ed obce \u2013 v minulosti tvo\u0159ilo \u0159\u00edmsk\u00e9 \u010d\u00edslo m\u00edstn\u00ed \u010d\u00e1sti dvojici s \u010d\u00edslem popisn\u00fdm, nyn\u00ed se m\u00edsto n\u011bj b\u011b\u017en\u011b pou\u017e\u00edv\u00e1 n\u00e1zev m\u00edstn\u00ed \u010d\u00e1sti; ozna\u010den\u00ed \u010dtvrt\u00ed \u0159\u00edmsk\u00fdmi \u010d\u00edsly p\u0159e\u017e\u00edv\u00e1 jen v n\u011bkter\u00fdch m\u011bstech, nap\u0159\u00edklad D\u011b\u010d\u00edn\u011b, \u010d\u00e1ste\u010dn\u011b v Pardubic\u00edch \u010di Mlad\u00e9 Boleslavi atd.<\/li>\n<li>t\u0159\u00eddy silnic (I, II, III) \u2013 nap\u0159. \u201esilnice I. t\u0159\u00eddy\u201c, \u201esilnice II\/201\u201c,<\/li>\n<li>soub\u011b\u017en\u00e9 ulice, kter\u00e9 jinak maj\u00ed stejn\u00fd n\u00e1zev (pouze v n\u011bkter\u00fdch m\u00edstech, kde bylo n\u00e1zvoslov\u00ed inspirov\u00e1no americk\u00fdmi syst\u00e9my, nap\u0159\u00edklad na pra\u017esk\u00e9m Spo\u0159ilov\u011b)<\/li>\n<li>d\u00edly \u010di \u010d\u00e1sti obc\u00ed \u010di katastr\u00e1ln\u00edch \u00fazem\u00ed \u010di obce, kter\u00e9 by jinak m\u011bly stejn\u00fd n\u00e1zev, pokud nejsou rozli\u0161eny slovn\u00edm p\u0159\u00edvlastkem<\/li>\n<li>v \u010desk\u00fdch pr\u00e1vn\u00edch p\u0159edpisech se podle aktu\u00e1ln\u00edch legislativn\u00edch pravidel vl\u00e1dy \u0159\u00edmsk\u00fdmi \u010d\u00edsly bez te\u010dky ozna\u010duj\u00ed varianty n\u00e1vrh\u016f, \u010d\u00edsla \u010dl\u00e1nk\u016f v novel\u00e1ch p\u0159edpis\u016f a hlavy (celek ni\u017e\u0161\u00ed ne\u017e \u010d\u00e1st a vy\u0161\u0161\u00ed ne\u017e d\u00edl).<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><em>V pol\u0161tin\u011b se \u0159\u00edmsk\u00e9 \u010d\u00edslice pou\u017e\u00edvaj\u00ed tak\u0159ka v\u00fdhradn\u011b p\u0159i uv\u00e1d\u011bn\u00ed stolet\u00ed (nap\u0159. 19. stolet\u00ed je XIX wiek).<\/em><\/p>\n<h3><em>\u00a0<\/em>IIII nebo IV<\/h3>\n<ul>\n<li>Hodinov\u00e9 cifern\u00edky se popisuj\u00ed \u0159\u00edmsk\u00fdmi \u010d\u00edslicemi. Obvykle pou\u017e\u00edvaj\u00ed symbol IIII pro 4 a IX pro 9. Jednou se tak ode\u010d\u00edtac\u00ed pravidlo neaplikuje a podruh\u00e9 ano. Pro\u010d? Nab\u00edz\u00ed se n\u011bkolik vysv\u011btlen\u00ed:\n<ul>\n<li>\u010cty\u0159znakov\u00e9 IIII vytv\u00e1\u0159\u00ed vizu\u00e1ln\u00ed symetrii s VIII na druh\u00e9 stran\u011b cifern\u00edku, zat\u00edmco IV ne<\/li>\n<li>IV jsou prvn\u00ed dv\u011b p\u00edsmena jm\u00e9na boha Jupitera (IVPITER)<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h3>Microsoft Excel a \u0159\u00edmsk\u00e1 \u010d\u00edsla<\/h3>\n<p>Funkce:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>=ROMAN(arabsk\u00e9 \u010d\u00edslo; forma z\u00e1pisu) \/viz soubor\/<\/li>\n<li>=ARABIC(\u0159\u00edmsk\u00e9 \u010d\u00edslo) (*od verze 2013 resp. 2016 pro MacOS)<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h1>Euklid\u016fv algoritmus<\/h1>\n<p><img decoding=\"async\" loading=\"lazy\" class=\"alignnone size-full wp-image-97\" src=\"https:\/\/www.ict.mazuch.net\/subdom\/ict\/wp-content\/uploads\/2016\/05\/eul.alg_.png\" alt=\"eul.alg\" width=\"1945\" height=\"2871\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.ict.mazuch.net\/subdom\/ict\/wp-content\/uploads\/2016\/05\/eul.alg_.png 1945w, https:\/\/www.ict.mazuch.net\/subdom\/ict\/wp-content\/uploads\/2016\/05\/eul.alg_-203x300.png 203w, https:\/\/www.ict.mazuch.net\/subdom\/ict\/wp-content\/uploads\/2016\/05\/eul.alg_-768x1134.png 768w, https:\/\/www.ict.mazuch.net\/subdom\/ict\/wp-content\/uploads\/2016\/05\/eul.alg_-694x1024.png 694w, https:\/\/www.ict.mazuch.net\/subdom\/ict\/wp-content\/uploads\/2016\/05\/eul.alg_-34x50.png 34w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1945px) 100vw, 1945px\" \/><\/p>\n<hr \/>\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/www.ict.mazuch.net\/subdom\/ict\/wp-content\/uploads\/2016\/05\/1-\u010c\u00edseln\u00e9-soustavy-p\u0159\u00edklady-1.pdf\">1-\u010c\u00edseln\u00e9-soustavy-p\u0159\u00edklady (1)<\/a><\/p>\n<div class=\"su-document su-u-responsive-media-yes\"><iframe src=\"\/\/docs.google.com\/viewer?embedded=true&url=https:\/\/www.ict.mazuch.net\/subdom\/ict\/wp-content\/uploads\/2016\/05\/1-\u010c\u00edseln\u00e9-soustavy-p\u0159\u00edklady-1.pdf\" width=\"860\" height=\"1000\" class=\"su-document\" title=\"\"><\/iframe><\/div>\n<h2>Odkazy:<\/h2>\n<ul>\n<li><a href=\"http:\/\/www.converter.cz\/baster\/baster.php\" target=\"_blank\">ONLINE Converter: basTER (C) Ji\u0159\u00ed Bure\u0161 [http:\/\/www.converter.cz\/baster\/baster.php]\u00a0<\/a><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>\u010c\u00edseln\u00e9 soustavy &nbsp; zp\u016fsob reprezentace \u010d\u00edsel. podle zp\u016fsobu ur\u010den\u00ed hodnoty \u010d\u00edsla z dan\u00e9 reprezentace rozli\u0161ujeme dva hlavn\u00ed druhy \u010d\u00edseln\u00fdch soustav: A) pozi\u010dn\u00ed \u010d\u00edseln\u00e9 soustavy B) nepozi\u010dn\u00ed \u010d\u00edseln\u00e9 soustavy. A) Pozi\u010dn\u00ed \u010d\u00edseln\u00e9 soustavy charakterizov\u00e1ny tzv. z\u00e1kladem neboli b\u00e1z\u00ed (anglicky radix, zna\u010d\u00ed se r), = kladn\u00e9 cel\u00e9 \u010d\u00edslo definuj\u00edc\u00ed maxim\u00e1ln\u00ed po\u010det \u010d\u00edslic, kter\u00e9 jsou v dan\u00e9 soustav\u011b <a class=\"read-more\" href=\"https:\/\/www.ict.mazuch.net\/subdom\/ict\/ciselne-soustavy\/\">[&hellip;]<\/a><\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":0,"parent":0,"menu_order":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","template":"","meta":{"footnotes":""},"wppr_data":{"cwp_meta_box_check":"No"},"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.ict.mazuch.net\/subdom\/ict\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/4"}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.ict.mazuch.net\/subdom\/ict\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.ict.mazuch.net\/subdom\/ict\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/page"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.ict.mazuch.net\/subdom\/ict\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.ict.mazuch.net\/subdom\/ict\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=4"}],"version-history":[{"count":5,"href":"https:\/\/www.ict.mazuch.net\/subdom\/ict\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/4\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":150,"href":"https:\/\/www.ict.mazuch.net\/subdom\/ict\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/4\/revisions\/150"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.ict.mazuch.net\/subdom\/ict\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=4"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}