{"id":41,"date":"2016-05-10T22:52:08","date_gmt":"2016-05-10T21:52:08","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/www.ict.mazuch.net\/subdom\/ict\/?page_id=41"},"modified":"2016-05-10T22:52:08","modified_gmt":"2016-05-10T21:52:08","slug":"13-hardware-osobniho-pocitace","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"https:\/\/www.ict.mazuch.net\/subdom\/ict\/13-hardware-osobniho-pocitace\/","title":{"rendered":"(13) Hardware osobn\u00edho po\u010d\u00edta\u010de"},"content":{"rendered":"
\"image_pdf\"<\/a>\"image_print\"<\/a><\/div>
<\/span>Osnova<\/div>
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    \n
  1. Z\u00e1klad<\/li>\n
  2. Pam\u011b\u0165 (RAM)<\/li>\n
  3. \u00dalo\u017ei\u0161t\u011b\n
      \n
    1. Pevn\u00fd disk (HDD)<\/li>\n
    2. SSD<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<\/li>\n
    3. Procesor<\/li>\n
    4. Z\u00e1kladn\u00ed deska<\/li>\n
    5. Grafick\u00fd procesor (GPU)<\/li>\n
    6. Zvukov\u00e1 karta<\/li>\n
    7. S\u00ed\u0165ov\u00e1 karta<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<\/div><\/div>\n

      Z\u00e1klad<\/strong><\/h2>\n
        \n
      • nezbytn\u00e9 sou\u010d\u00e1sti = zdroj + z\u00e1kladn\u00ed deska + procesor + pam\u011b\u0165 (\u00falo\u017eist\u011b)<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n

        Pam\u011b\u0165 (RAM)<\/strong><\/h2>\n
          \n
        • RAM<\/strong> = R<\/strong>andom A<\/strong>cces M<\/strong>emory<\/li>\n
        • polovodi\u010dov\u00e1 pam\u011b\u0165 s p\u0159\u00edm\u00fdm p\u0159\u00edstupem umo\u017e\u0148uj\u00edc\u00ed \u010dten\u00ed i z\u00e1pis<\/li>\n
        • velikost pam\u011bti se nej\u010dast\u011bj\u0161i ud\u00e1v\u00e1 v bytech<\/li>\n
        • jak\u00e9 pam\u011bti pou\u017eijeme se v\u017edy \u0159\u00edd\u00ed pou\u017eitou \u010dipovou sadou na z\u00e1kladn\u00ed desce a z\u00e1kladn\u00ed deskou samotnou<\/li>\n
        • d\u011blen\u00ed dle uchov\u00e1v\u00e1n\u00ed informac\u00ed po odpojen\u00ed zdroje\n
            \n
          • volatiln\u00ed<\/u> \u2013 p\u0159i vypnut\u00ed nap\u00e1jen\u00ed se informace sma\u017ee<\/li>\n
          • nevolatiln\u00ed<\/u> \u2013 informace vydr\u017e\u00ed vypnut\u00ed nap\u00e1jen\u00ed; tuto vlastnost maj\u00ed magnetick\u00e9 pam\u011bti<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n
          • d\u011blen\u00ed podle technologie uchov\u00e1v\u00e1n\u00ed informace\n
              \n
            • statick\u00e1<\/u> (SRAM)<\/em> – minim\u00e1ln\u00ed p\u0159\u00edkon, velk\u00e1 \u0161umov\u00e1 odolnost, kr\u00e1tk\u00e1 p\u0159\u00edstupov\u00e1 doba x vy\u0161\u0161\u00ed cena<\/li>\n
            • dynamick\u00e1<\/u> (DRAM)<\/em> – v\u00fdrobn\u011b mnohem jednodu\u0161\u0161\u00ed ne\u017e SRAM; nev\u00fdhoda: obsah ka\u017ed\u00e9 pam\u011b\u0165ov\u00e9 bu\u0148ky se mus\u00ed pravideln\u011b obnovovat<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n
            • d\u011blen\u00ed DRAM modul\u016f do po\u010d\u00edta\u010de\n
                \n
              • SIMM<\/u> = Single Inline Memory Module<\/li>\n
              • DIMM<\/u> = Dual Inline Memory Module \u21d2 dva moduly SIMM integrovan\u00e9 na jedn\u00e9 desce (d\u016fvodem je obsazen\u00ed cel\u00e9 \u0161\u00ed\u0159ky sb\u011brnice)\n
                  \n
                • SDR<\/u> = Single Data Rate<\/li>\n
                • DDR<\/u> = Double Data Rate<\/li>\n
                • DDR2<\/u> – podobn\u00e9 jako DDR, maj\u00ed vy\u0161\u0161\u00ed frekvence, st\u00e1le se pou\u017e\u00edvaj\u00ed ve star\u0161\u00edch stroj\u00edch<\/li>\n
                • DDR3 <\/u><\/li>\n
                • DDR4<\/u> – vysok\u00e1 cena, v\u00fdkon srovnateln\u00fd s DDR3<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n

                  \u00dalo\u017ei\u0161t\u011b<\/strong><\/h2>\n
                    \n
                  • Pevn\u00fd disk (HDD)<\/strong>\n
                      \n
                    • HDD<\/strong> = H<\/strong>ard D<\/strong>isk D<\/strong>rive<\/li>\n
                    • pou\u017e\u00edv\u00e1 se k do\u010dasn\u00e9mu nebo trval\u00e9mu uchov\u00e1n\u00ed v\u011bt\u0161\u00edho mno\u017estv\u00ed dat<\/li>\n
                    • funguje na principu magnetick\u00e9 indukce<\/li>\n
                    • prvn\u00ed komer\u010dn\u00ed disky – 1956<\/li>\n
                    • v\u00fdhodn\u00fd pom\u011br kapacity a ceny<\/li>\n
                    • hlavn\u00ed nev\u00fdhodou je mechanick\u00e9 \u0159e\u0161en\u00ed, kter\u00e9 m\u00e1 vysokou spot\u0159ebu elektrick\u00e9 energie, je n\u00e1chyln\u00e9 na po\u0161kozen\u00ed p\u0159i ne\u0161etrn\u00e9m zach\u00e1zen\u00ed a vy\u0161\u0161\u00ed hmotnost.<\/li>\n
                    • data jsou na disku ulo\u017eena pomoc\u00ed zmagnetizov\u00e1n\u00ed m\u00edst na magneticky m\u011bkk\u00e9m materi\u00e1lu, kter\u00e9 se prov\u00e1d\u00ed pomoc\u00ed c\u00edvky a elektrick\u00e9ho proudu<\/li>\n
                    • \u010dten\u00ed je realizov\u00e1no tak\u00e9 pomoc\u00ed hlavy, ve kter\u00e9 se p\u0159i pohybu nad r\u016fzn\u011b orientovan\u00fdmi zmagnetizovan\u00fdmi m\u00edsty indukuje elektrick\u00fd proud<\/li>\n
                    • zaznamenan\u00e1 data jsou v magnetick\u00e9 vrstv\u011b uchov\u00e1na i p\u0159i odpojen\u00ed disku od zdroje elektrick\u00e9ho proudu \u21d2 nevolatiln\u00ed<\/li>\n
                    • data jsou na povrchu pevn\u00e9ho disku organizov\u00e1na do soust\u0159edn\u00fdch kru\u017enic zvan\u00fdch stopy a d\u00e1le do u\u010dit\u00fdch z\u00f3n a ka\u017ed\u00e1 z\u00f3na m\u00e1 ur\u010dit\u00fd po\u010det sektor\u016f na stopu<\/li>\n
                    • sektor je nejmen\u0161\u00ed adresovatelnou jednotkou disku, velikost 4 KB na sektor<\/li>\n
                    • rozhran\u00ed pevn\u00fdch disk\u016f\n
                        \n
                      • ATA<\/u>: b\u00fdvalo nejroz\u0161\u00ed\u0159en\u011bj\u0161\u00ed, jednoduch\u00e9, levn\u00e9,<\/li>\n
                      • SATA<\/u>: n\u00e1stupce ATA, vy\u0161\u0161\u00ed rychlost, vy\u0161\u0161\u00ed inteligence \u0159adi\u010de<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n
                      • SSD <\/strong>(= S<\/strong>olid-s<\/strong>tate d<\/strong>rive)<\/em>\n
                          \n
                        • na rozd\u00edl od magnetick\u00fdch pevn\u00fdch disk\u016f neobsahuje pohybliv\u00e9 mechanick\u00e9 \u010d\u00e1sti a m\u00e1 mnohem ni\u017e\u0161\u00ed spot\u0159ebu elektrick\u00e9 energie<\/li>\n
                        • pro ulo\u017een\u00ed dat je nej\u010dast\u011bji pou\u017eit\u00e1 nevolatiln\u00ed flash pam\u011b\u0165<\/li>\n
                        • pou\u017e\u00edvaj\u00ed stejn\u011b rozhran\u00ed SATA jako pevn\u00e9 disky<\/li>\n
                        • ni\u017e\u0161\u00ed spot\u0159eba, jsou leh\u010d\u00ed \u21d2 pou\u017eit\u00ed v notebooc\u00edch<\/li>\n
                        • flash pam\u011bti maj\u00ed omezenou \u017eivotnost maxim\u00e1ln\u00edm po\u010dtem z\u00e1pis\u016f do stejn\u00e9ho m\u00edsta, kter\u00fd je v\u00fdrazn\u011b ni\u017e\u0161\u00ed, ne\u017e u klasick\u00fdch pevn\u00fdch disk\u016f<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n

                          Procesor<\/strong><\/h2>\n
                            \n
                          • C<\/strong>entral p<\/strong>rocessing u<\/strong>nit = CPU<\/strong><\/li>\n
                          • um\u00ed vykon\u00e1vat strojov\u00e9 instrukce \u21d2 z nich je tvo\u0159en po\u010d\u00edta\u010dov\u00fd program \u21d2 um\u00ed obsluhovat jeho vstupy a v\u00fdstupy<\/li>\n
                          • historicky byl CPU slo\u017een z mnoha sou\u010d\u00e1stek \u21d2 v roce 1970 byly v\u0161echny pot\u0159ebn\u00e9 obvody slou\u010deny do jednoho integrovan\u00e9ho obvodu \u21d2 mikroprocesor<\/li>\n
                          • stavba procesoru\n